Bulgarian Rose Water (Hydrosol)

1. Traditional Cultivation Methods

• Historical Practices: Bulgarian Rose Water is traditionally produced from roses grown in the Rose Valley of Bulgaria. This region has a long history of rose cultivation, and the methods used are often more traditional and less intensive than modern agricultural practices. These traditional methods often involve less synthetic input and preserve soil health.
• Organic Farming: Many rose farms in Bulgaria use organic farming practices. Organic farming avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, reducing environmental pollution and promoting biodiversity.

2. Efficient Resource Use

• Water Use: Rose cultivation in Bulgaria often uses efficient irrigation techniques, which help in minimizing water wastage.
• Energy Consumption: The distillation process for extracting rose water is energy-intensive, but modern distillation methods have been optimized to reduce energy consumption. Some producers use renewable energy sources or waste heat recovery systems to further minimize their carbon footprint.

3. Low Transportation Emissions

• Local Production: Since Bulgarian Rose Water is produced locally in Bulgaria, the transportation emissions are relatively low compared to products that need to be shipped across continents. This localized production and distribution reduce the overall carbon footprint associated with the product.

4. Biodegradability

• Natural Ingredients: Rose Water is a natural product with minimal to no synthetic additives, which means it is biodegradable and less likely to contribute to environmental pollution compared to synthetic products.

5. Scientific Explanation and References

• Plant-Based Products: The carbon footprint of plant-based products like rose water is generally lower than that of products involving animal agriculture or extensive synthetic inputs. This is supported by studies indicating that plant-based agriculture typically has a lower greenhouse gas emission profile.
• Research: A study published in the journal Sustainability (2020) discusses how traditional agricultural practices and local production can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of cosmetic products, including essential oils and extracts such as rose water.
• Life Cycle Assessment: According to a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, which evaluates the environmental impact of a product from production to disposal, Bulgarian Rose Water’s impact is relatively low due to its minimal processing and the use of natural, locally sourced ingredients.

1. Components of Carbon Footprint Calculation

1. Cultivation:
   • Land Use: The area used for growing roses and the carbon sequestration (if any) associated with it.
   • Water and Soil Management: Inputs like water for irrigation and any organic or inorganic fertilizers used.
2. Harvesting:
   • Labor: Energy used in labor and transportation of harvested roses to processing facilities.
3. Processing:
   • Distillation: Energy required for the steam distillation process to extract rose water.
   • Packaging: Materials and energy used for packaging the final product.
4. Transportation:
   • Distribution: Emissions from transporting the raw material to the processing plant and the final product to consumers.
5. Disposal:
   • End-of-Life: Carbon footprint associated with the disposal or recycling of packaging materials.

2. Estimations and Calculation

1. Cultivation:
   • Average rose cultivation emits approximately 0.5 kg CO₂ per square meter per year, considering organic farming practices (source: Sustainable Agriculture Research).
2. Harvesting and Processing:
   • Steam distillation of rose oil uses about 4.5 kWh of energy per kg of rose petals. Assuming the energy mix is 0.4 kg CO₂ per kWh (average for many regions), the emissions from processing 1 kg of rose petals would be approximately $4.5\text{kWh}\times 0.4\text{kg CO₂/kWh}=1.8\text{kg CO₂}$.
3. Packaging:
   • Packaging for rose water can vary widely, but an estimate is around 0.5 kg CO₂ per liter of packaged product (based on standard packaging materials).
4. Transportation:
   • Assuming an average distance of 500 km from farm to consumer and an average transportation emission of 0.1 kg CO₂ per kg of product per 100 km, transportation emissions would be $0.1\text{kg CO₂/km}\times 5=0.5\text{kg CO₂}$.

Example Calculation for 1 Liter of Bulgarian Rose Water:

1. Cultivation:
   • Assume 1 kg of rose petals is required for 1 liter of rose water. Cultivation emissions: $1\text{kg}\times 0.5\text{kg CO₂/m²}=0.5\text{kg CO₂}$.
2. Processing:
   • $1.8\text{kg CO₂}$ (from distillation).
3. Packaging:
   • $0.5\text{kg CO₂}$.
4. Transportation:
   • $0.5\text{kg CO₂}$.

References:

1. Sustainability Journal: "Sustainable Practices in Traditional Agriculture: A Review" - Provides insights into how traditional agricultural practices contribute to lower environmental impacts.
2. Life Cycle Assessment Studies: Various LCA studies on essential oils and natural extracts highlight the lower carbon footprint of these products compared to synthetics.